Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a technology that uses radio frequency communication to automatically identify, track and manage objects, people or animals. It works by using two or more devices - a reader and tag. The devices are paired and able to "recognise" each other through the transmission of radio waves.
The tag or transponder, which contains an electronic circuit (transponder) is attached to the object that requires a unique identification code. When the tag comes near the reader, the radio frequency (RF) field generated by the reader will power up the tag and cause it to continuously transmit its data by 'pulsing' the radio frequency. The data is then captured by the reader and processed in the back-end by applications like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Supply Chain Management systems. The diagram below illustrates the process.
Diagram 1: An illustration of how RFID works.
(Adapted from Source: www1.webmethods.com/images/solutions/webMethods_RFID_121703.jpg)
Both the reader and tag can be sized and shaped in different ways. Due to the small size of the tag, it allows great freedom of movement and there is no need for direct contact for both devices. This results in a high level of convenience and flexibility for the user company. Some of the other advantages of RFID are summarised below:
- Tags can be hidden or embedded in most materials
- Different shapes and sizes users can decide the most suitable for their needs
- No line of sight required
- No wear and tear due to its contactless nature
- Tags can be read even if covered with dirt or submerged
- Unalterable permanent serial code prevents tampering
In its simplest form, RFID is already widely used in many office buildings, allowing companies to control and monitor its employees movement in and out of the premises, through proximity cards and door card readers. Many clothing retail outlets also use RFID technology for electronic article surveillance and to protect against theft and shoplifting. Some government agencies also employ RFID to monitor offenders at home. Other examples of how RFID is used are as follows:
- Inventory control
- Access control
- Laboratory analysis
- Lap-counting e.g. the number of laps runners have completed are recorded automatically
- Time and place data-logging e.g. security guards on patrol can automatically log
- their patrolling route and shift
- Vehicle identification e.g. Singapores Electronic Road Pricing System
- Ticketing e.g. some theme parks issue wrist-bands to customers for rides
- Building security
- Asset tracking
One of the main challenges for both RFID manufacturers and users today is the lack of common standards in the industry. For example, the RFID systems used by the retail industry would differ greatly from those used by office access controls. Cooperation among the various RFID manufacturers will be necessary for promoting the technology developments and refinements that will enable widespread adoption and use.
Having recognised the potential of RFID, the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) has devised a three-year, S$10 million plan to develop the technology as an engine of growth for Singapore's ICT industry. The industry has also committed S$12 million in trial projects, technology and infrastructure developments. IDA has also expanded the frequency spectrum for RFID applications to further encourage adoption and interoperability in Singapore. Further, IDA will continue to build Singapores manpower, technology and infrastructure capabilities for RFID. This commitment marks an important first step towards creating RFID-enabled supply chains which will position Singapore as the logistics nerve centre for the region.
